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Mahabharata - Wikipedia. Mahabharata. Manuscript illustration of the Battle of Kurukshetra. Information. Religion.
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Hinduism. The Mahabharata or Mah. It also contains philosophical and devotional material, such as a discussion of the four . Among the principal works and stories in the Mahabharata are the Bhagavad Gita, the story of Damayanti, an abbreviated version of the Ramayana, and the Rishyasringa, often considered as works in their own right. Traditionally, the authorship of the Mahabharata is attributed to Vyasa.
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There have been many attempts to unravel its historical growth and compositional layers. The oldest preserved parts of the text are thought to be not much older than around 4. BCE, though the origins of the epic probably fall between the 8th and 9th centuries BCE. According to the Mahabharata itself, the tale is extended from a shorter version of 2. Bh. About 1. 8 million words in total, the Mahabharata is roughly ten times the length of the Iliad and the Odyssey combined, or about four times the length of the Ramayana. Johnson has compared the importance of the Mahabharata in the context of world civilization to that of the Bible, the works of Shakespeare, the works of Homer, Greek drama, or the Qur'an.
Vyasa described it as being itih. He also describes the Guru- shishya parampara, which traces all great teachers and their students of the Vedic times. The first section of the Mahabharata states that it was Ganesha who wrote down the text to Vyasa's dictation. Ganesha is said to have agreed to write it only if Vyasa never paused in his recitation. Vyasa agrees on condition that Ganesha takes the time to understand what was said before writing it down. The epic employs the story within a story structure, otherwise known as frametales, popular in many Indian religious and non- religious works. It is recited by the sage Vaisampayana, a disciple of Vyasa, to the King Janamejaya who is the great- grandson of the Pandava prince Arjuna.
The story is then recited again by a professional storyteller named Ugrasrava Sauti, many years later, to an assemblage of sages performing the 1. Saunaka Kulapati in the Naimisha Forest. The text has been described by some early 2. Indologists as unstructured and chaotic. Hermann Oldenberg supposed that the original poem must once have carried an immense . Some elements of the present Mahabharata can be traced back to Vedic times.
Mahabharata started as an orally- transmitted tale of the charioteer bards. What then is possible? Our objective can only be to reconstruct the oldest form of the text which it is possible to reach on the basis of the manuscript material available. At least three redactions of the text are commonly recognized: Jaya (Victory) with 8,8. Vyasa, Bharata with 2. Vaisampayana, and finally the Mahabharata as recited by Ugrasrava Sauti with over 1. The addition of the latest parts may be dated by the absence of the Anushasana- parva and the Virata parva from the .
Manu (1. 1. 2. 7), Astika (1. Vasu (1. 5. 7), respectively.
These versions would correspond to the addition of one and then another 'frame' settings of dialogues. The Vasu version would omit the frame settings and begin with the account of the birth of Vyasa. The astika version would add the sarpasattra and ashvamedha material from Brahmanical literature, introduce the name Mahabharata, and identify Vyasa as the work's author. The redactors of these additions were probably Pancharatrin scholars who according to Oberlies (1. Mention of the Huna in the Bhishma- parva however appears to imply that this parva may have been edited around the 4th century. This sarpasattra material was often considered an independent tale added to a version of the Mahabharata by .
The Panchavimsha Brahmana (at 2. Dhrtarashtra and Janamejaya, two main characters of the Mahabharata's sarpasattra, as well as Takshaka, the name of a snake in the Mahabharata, occur. BCE) and in the Ashvalayana Grhyasutra (3. This may mean the core 2. Bharata, as well as an early version of the extended Mahabharata, were composed by the 4th century BCE.
A report by the Greek writer Dio Chrysostom (c. CE) about Homer's poetry being sung even in India. However, Indian scholars have, in general, taken this as evidence for the existence of a Mahabharata at this date, whose episodes Dio or his sources identify with the story of the Iliad. CE), believed to have lived in the era of the Gupta dynasty, is based on a story that is the precursor to the Mahabharata.
Urubhanga, a Sanskrit play written by Bh. The history and genealogy of the Bharata and Bhrigu races is recalled, as is the birth and early life of the Kuruprinces (adi means first). Sabha Parva (The Book of the Assembly Hall)2. Life at the court, Yudhishthira's Rajasuya Yajna, the game of dice, the disrobing of Pandava wife Draupadi and eventual exile of the Pandavas. Vana Parvaalso Aranyaka- parva, Aranya- parva (The Book of the Forest)2. This is the major book of the war. Most of the great warriors on both sides are dead by the end of this book.
Karna Parva (The Book of Karna)7. The continuation of the battle with Karna as commander of the Kaurava forces. Shalya Parva (The Book of Shalya)7.
Also told in detail, is the pilgrimage of Balarama to the fords of the river Saraswati and the mace fight between Bhima and Duryodhana which ends the war, since Bhima kills Duryodhana by smashing him on the thighs with a mace. Sauptika Parva (The Book of the Sleeping Warriors)7. Only 7 warriors remain on the Pandava side and 3 on the Kaurava side. Stri Parva (The Book of the Women)8.
This is the longest book of the Mahabharata. Kisari Mohan Ganguli considers this Parva as a later interpolation.'1. Anushasana Parva (The Book of the Instructions)8.
The world conquest by Arjuna. The Anugita is told by Krishna to Arjuna. Ashramavasika Parva (The Book of the Hermitage)9. Vidura predeceases them and Sanjaya on Dhritarashtra's bidding goes to live in the higher Himalayas. Mausala Parva (The Book of the Clubs)9. The materialisation of Gandhari's curse, i. Yadavas with maces (mausala) and the eventual destruction of the Yadavas.
Mahaprasthanika Parva (The Book of the Great Journey)9. The great journey of Yudhishthira, his brothers and his wife Draupadi across the whole country and finally their ascent of the great Himalayas where each Pandava falls except for Yudhishthira. Svargarohana Parva (The Book of the Ascent to Heaven)9. Yudhishthira's final test and the return of the Pandavas to the spiritual world (svarga). Harivamsa Parva (The Book of the Genealogy of Hari)9. Many historians estimate the date of the Kurukshetra war to Iron Age India of the 1. BCE. The evidence of the Puranas is of two kinds.
Of the first kind, there is the direct statement that there were 1. Parikshit (Arjuna's grandson) and the accession of Mahapadma Nanda (4. BCE), which would yield an estimate of about 1. BCE for the Bharata battle. Pargiter accordingly estimated 2. BCE for Adhisimakrishna, and thus approximately 9. BCE for the Bharata battle.
Lal used the same approach with a more conservative assumption of the average reign to estimate a date of 8. BCE, and correlated this with archaeological evidence from Painted Grey Ware (PGW) sites, the association being strong between PGW artifacts and places mentioned in the epic. Aryabhatta's date of February 1. BCE for Mahabharata war has become widespread in Indian tradition. Some sources mark this as the disappearance of Krishna from earth. The two collateral branches of the family that participate in the struggle are the Kaurava and the Pandava. Although the Kaurava is the senior branch of the family, Duryodhana, the eldest Kaurava, is younger than Yudhishthira, the eldest Pandava.
Both Duryodhana and Yudhishthira claim to be first in line to inherit the throne. The struggle culminates in the great battle of Kurukshetra, in which the Pandavas are ultimately victorious.
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